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\citation{hendrycks2021measuringmathematicalproblemsolving,ahn2024largelanguagemodelsmathematical}
\citation{cobbe2021trainingverifierssolvemath}
\citation{hoffmann2022trainingcomputeoptimallargelanguage}
\citation{wang2024neuralsymbolicoverview}
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\bibitem{hendrycks2021measuringmathematicalproblemsolving}
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D.~Hendrycks, C.~Burns, S.~Kadavath, A.~Arora, S.~Basart, E.~Tang, D.~Song, and
J.~Steinhardt, ``Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math
dataset,'' 2021. [Online]. Available: \url{https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.03874}
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\bibitem{ahn2024largelanguagemodelsmathematical}
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J.~Ahn, R.~Verma, R.~Lou, D.~Liu, R.~Zhang, and W.~Yin, ``Large language models
for mathematical reasoning: Progresses and challenges,'' 2024. [Online].
Available: \url{https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.00157}
\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing
\bibitem{cobbe2021trainingverifierssolvemath}
\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing
K.~Cobbe, V.~Kosaraju, M.~Bavarian, M.~Chen, H.~Jun, L.~Kaiser, M.~Plappert,
J.~Tworek, J.~Hilton, R.~Nakano, C.~Hesse, and J.~Schulman, ``Training
verifiers to solve math word problems,'' 2021. [Online]. Available:
\url{https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.14168}
\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing
\bibitem{hoffmann2022trainingcomputeoptimallargelanguage}
\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing
J.~Hoffmann, S.~Borgeaud, A.~Mensch, E.~Buchatskaya, T.~Cai, E.~Rutherford,
D.~de~Las~Casas, L.~A. Hendricks, J.~Welbl, A.~Clark, T.~Hennigan, E.~Noland,
K.~Millican, G.~van~den Driessche, B.~Damoc, A.~Guy, S.~Osindero,
K.~Simonyan, E.~Elsen, J.~W. Rae, O.~Vinyals, and L.~Sifre, ``Training
compute-optimal large language models,'' 2022. [Online]. Available:
\url{https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.15556}
\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing
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** Conference Paper **
Before submitting the final camera ready copy, remember to:
1. Manually equalize the lengths of two columns on the last page
of your paper;
2. Ensure that any PostScript and/or PDF output post-processing
uses only Type 1 fonts and that every step in the generation
process uses the appropriate paper size.
[3 <./fig1.png (PNG copy)>] (./IEEE-conference-template-062824.aux)
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\documentclass[conference]{IEEEtran}
\IEEEoverridecommandlockouts
% The preceding line is only needed to identify funding in the first footnote. If that is unneeded, please comment it out.
%Template version as of 6/27/2024
\usepackage{cite}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts}
\usepackage{algorithmic}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\def\BibTeX{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
\begin{document}
\title{Rule-based Tensor Mutations Embedded within LLMs for Low-Cost Mathematical Computation}
\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Srikrishna Ayyalasomayajula}
\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{dept. name of organization (of Aff.)} \\
\textit{name of organization (of Aff.)}\\
City, Country \\
email address or ORCID}
}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in natural language tasks but remain inefficient and error-prone when performing deterministic mathematical computations. Existing approaches to improving mathematical reasoning rely on external symbolic engines or extensive fine-tuning on mathematical corpora, both of which introduce latency and scalability challenges. This paper proposes a novel architectural enhancement for transformer-based LLMs: the embedding of deterministic, rule-based tensor mutations directly within the model’s internal computational graph. By implementing fixed-index tensor operations—such as arithmetic functions, binary operations, and matrix computations—within the embedding space of the Llama 3 3B model, we enable low-latency mathematical reasoning without modifying the core probabilistic architecture. The proposed system leverages deterministic computation pathways optimized for GPU tensor cores, significantly reducing inference latency and improving mathematical accuracy on arithmetic and linear algebra tasks. %Experimental results on benchmark datasets demonstrate up to a 3.7× reduction in inference latency for mathematical prompts and a 24\% increase in accuracy compared to baseline LLM performance, all without additional fine-tuning. This work highlights the potential for integrating rule-based logic into neural network inference, bridging the gap between probabilistic language modeling and deterministic computation.%
\end{abstract}
\begin{IEEEkeywords}
component, formatting, style, styling, insert.
\end{IEEEkeywords}
\section{Introduction}
Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP), achieving unprecedented success across tasks such as text generation, summarization, translation, and conversational reasoning. These models, built upon transformer architectures, learn statistical patterns in tokenized language data through extensive pretraining on vast corpora. However, despite their proficiency in language understanding, LLMs consistently underperform on tasks that require deterministic mathematical computation \cite{hendrycks2021measuringmathematicalproblemsolving, ahn2024largelanguagemodelsmathematical}. This limitation stems from the fundamentally probabilistic nature of neural network inference, which excels at pattern recognition but lacks the precise symbolic manipulation capabilities required for accurate mathematical reasoning.
Current approaches to improving the mathematical competence of LLMs follow two main paradigms. The first involves fine-tuning models on specialized mathematical datasets \cite{cobbe2021trainingverifierssolvemath}, such as arithmetic sequences, calculus problems, or algebraic equations. While fine-tuning improves performance on familiar problems, it is both computationally expensive and brittle when generalizing to unseen operations or data distributions. The second paradigm leverages Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines that offload computation to external symbolic engines such as Wolfram Alpha. Though effective in some contexts, these solutions introduce substantial inference latency due to the need for external API calls and often compromise the seamless, end-to-end nature of LLM inference pipelines.
Moreover, scaling LLMs to address such shortcomings faces practical limitations. Empirical scaling laws \cite{hoffmann2022trainingcomputeoptimallargelanguage} demonstrate that beyond a certain point, increasing the number of model parameters yields diminishing returns in accuracy relative to computational cost. This is particularly evident in mathematical reasoning benchmarks, where larger models show sub-linear performance improvements despite exponential increases in compute and memory consumption. As Table~\ref{tab:model-sizes} illustrates, state-of-the-art models such as GPT-4 and Claude 2 require thousands of petaflop-days of compute and terabytes of memory, yet they still fail to achieve high accuracy on elementary arithmetic problems without external assistance.
This paper addresses this gap by proposing a fundamentally different approach: embedding deterministic, rule-based tensor mutations directly within the neural network's computational graph. Instead of relying solely on statistical learning, this method introduces explicit, hard-coded mathematical operations into specific locations of the model's embedding space. By leveraging the high parallelism of modern GPUs, particularly tensor core architectures optimized for Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) workloads, these operations execute with minimal latency and no dependence on external inference pathways.
The proposed system modifies the Llama 3 3B model, an open-weight transformer, to include fixed-index mathematical functions such as arithmetic addition, matrix multiplication, and binary bitwise operations. These rule-based pathways operate deterministically on predefined sections of the token embedding space and coexist with the model's standard stochastic transformer layers. This hybrid architecture preserves the language modeling strengths of the transformer while enabling precise mathematical reasoning without additional fine-tuning or inference-time API calls.
This work contributes to the broader discourse on integrating symbolic computation into neural architectures. Prior efforts in neural-symbolic computing have explored symbolic regression, logic programming over neural graphs, and reinforcement learning for tool use \cite{wang2024neuralsymbolicoverview}. Unlike these approaches, our method does not require training the model to learn mathematical operations; instead, it injects these operations at runtime within the forward pass of inference. This design minimizes the computational overhead associated with training while maximizing inference-time efficiency.
\section{Methods}
\subsection{Baseline MLP Feed-Forward Block}
A standard multi-layer perceptron (MLP) feed-forward block in transformer architectures performs a forward pass as a composition of two linear transformations and a non-linear activation. Given an input tensor
\[
x \in \mathbb{R}^{B \times d_{\text{model}}}
\]
with batch size \(B\) and model dimension \(d_{\text{model}}\), the MLP block consists of:
\begin{itemize}
\item \(W_1 \in \mathbb{R}^{d_{\text{hidden}} \times d_{\text{model}}}\): weight matrix of the first linear layer,
\item \(b_1 \in \mathbb{R}^{d_{\text{hidden}}}\): bias vector of the first linear layer (optional),
\item \(f(\cdot)\): nonlinear activation function (e.g., ReLU, GELU, SiLU),
\item \(W_2 \in \mathbb{R}^{d_{\text{model}} \times d_{\text{hidden}}}\): weight matrix of the second linear layer,
\item \(b_2 \in \mathbb{R}^{d_{\text{model}}}\): bias vector of the second linear layer (optional).
\end{itemize}
The full forward pass can be expressed as:
\begin{equation}
\text{Output} = W_2 \cdot f(W_1 \cdot x + b_1) + b_2.
\end{equation}
For simplicity, and consistent with the example implementation, biases may be omitted, yielding:
\begin{equation}
\text{Output} = W_2 \cdot f(W_1 \cdot x).
\end{equation}
In PyTorch pseudocode, this corresponds to:
\begin{verbatim}
out = w2(F.relu(w1(x)))
\end{verbatim}
where \(w1\) and \(w2\) are linear layers and \texttt{relu} is the chosen activation function.
Graphically, the data flow is:
\[
x \rightarrow \text{Linear}(W_1) \rightarrow f(\cdot) \rightarrow \text{Linear}(W_2) \rightarrow \text{Output}.
\]
This architecture applies sequential transformations, where each layer processes the output of the previous layer.
\subsection{Symbolic Mutation of the Second Linear Layer}
To incorporate rule-based symbolic computation within the MLP, this study modifies the second linear transformation by selectively mutating its input activations using a symbolic pathway. This is achieved by applying a fixed mask to selectively isolate components of the input to the second linear layer, processing them through trainable and symbolic functions, and then reintegrating the results.
Let the pre-second-layer activation tensor be:
\[
z = f(W_1 \cdot x) \in \mathbb{R}^{B \times d_{\text{hidden}}},
\]
where \(B\) is the batch size and \(d_{\text{hidden}}\) the hidden dimension.
\paragraph{Masking}
Define a binary mask tensor
\[
M \in \{0,1\}^{B \times d_{\text{hidden}}}
\]
which is initialized and held constant throughout training. The mask selects individual elements within \(z\) for symbolic mutation.
\paragraph{Selective Extraction}
For each batch element \(b\), extract the elements where the mask is 1:
\[
z^{(R)}_b = \{ z_{b,i} \mid M_{b,i} = 1 \} \in \mathbb{R}^{N_M}
\]
where \(N_M = \sum_{b,i} M_{b,i}\) is the total count of masked elements.
\paragraph{Linear Encoding}
The extracted vector is projected by a trainable linear layer:
\[
y^{(1)}_b = W_{\text{pre}} z^{(R)}_b + b_{\text{pre}},
\]
with \(W_{\text{pre}} \in \mathbb{R}^{N_M \times N_M}\) and \(b_{\text{pre}} \in \mathbb{R}^{N_M}\).
\paragraph{Symbolic Rule Function}
A deterministic symbolic mutation function
\[
\mathcal{R}: \mathbb{R}^{N_M} \to \mathbb{R}^{N_M}
\]
is applied to \(y^{(1)}_b\), implementing arithmetic and logical operations element-wise or over fixed subsets:
\[
y^{(2)}_b = \mathcal{R}(y^{(1)}_b).
\]
The rule function \(\mathcal{R}\) encompasses operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, modulo, bitwise XOR/AND/OR/NOT, bit shifts, and aggregate statistics (sum, mean, variance, etc.).
\paragraph{Linear Decoding}
The mutated output passes through a second trainable linear layer:
\[
y^{(3)}_b = W_{\text{post}} y^{(2)}_b + b_{\text{post}},
\]
with \(W_{\text{post}} \in \mathbb{R}^{N_M \times N_M}\) and \(b_{\text{post}} \in \mathbb{R}^{N_M}\).
\paragraph{Normalization}
To stabilize values, a sigmoid activation is applied elementwise:
\[
y^{(4)}_b = \sigma(y^{(3)}_b) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-y^{(3)}_b}}.
\]
\paragraph{Reintegration}
Finally, the mutated elements \(y^{(4)}_b\) are scattered back into their original positions in a tensor \(\hat{z}_b \in \mathbb{R}^{d_{\text{hidden}}}\), with unmasked elements preserved:
\[
\hat{z}_{b,i} =
\begin{cases}
y^{(4)}_{b,k} & \text{if } M_{b,i} = 1 \text{ (at index } k \text{ in } y^{(4)}_b), \\
z_{b,i} & \text{otherwise}.
\end{cases}
\]
\paragraph{Final Output}
The final output of the MLP block is then:
\[
\text{Output} = W_2 \cdot \hat{z} + b_2,
\]
with \(W_2 \in \mathbb{R}^{d_{\text{model}} \times d_{\text{hidden}}}\) and optional bias \(b_2\).
\subsection{Summary Pipeline}
The modified forward pass is summarized as:
\[
\begin{aligned}
z &= f(W_1 \cdot x) \\
z^{(R)} &= \text{select}(z, M=1) \\
y^{(1)} &= W_{\text{pre}} z^{(R)} + b_{\text{pre}} \\
y^{(2)} &= \mathcal{R}(y^{(1)}) \\
y^{(3)} &= W_{\text{post}} y^{(2)} + b_{\text{post}} \\
y^{(4)} &= \sigma(y^{(3)}) \\
\hat{z} &= \text{scatter}(y^{(4)}, M) + z \odot (1 - M) \\
\text{Output} &= W_2 \cdot \hat{z} + b_2
\end{aligned}
\]
\subsection{Training Details}
The trainable parameters \(W_{\text{pre}}, b_{\text{pre}}, W_{\text{post}}, b_{\text{post}}\) are optimized jointly with the pretrained transformer weights using arithmetic-focused datasets, while the mask \(M\) and rule function \(\mathcal{R}\) remain fixed and deterministic. No gradients propagate through \(\mathcal{R}\).
\subsection{Figures and Tables}\label{FAT}
\paragraph{Positioning Figures and Tables} Place figures and tables at the top and
bottom of columns. Avoid placing them in the middle of columns. Large
figures and tables may span across both columns. Figure captions should be
below the figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert
figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation
``Fig.~\ref{fig}'', even at the beginning of a sentence.
\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Table Type Styles}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Table}&\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\textbf{Table Column Head}} \\
\cline{2-4}
\textbf{Head} & \textbf{\textit{Table column subhead}}& \textbf{\textit{Subhead}}& \textbf{\textit{Subhead}} \\
\hline
copy& More table copy$^{\mathrm{a}}$& & \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{l}{$^{\mathrm{a}}$Sample of a Table footnote.}
\end{tabular}
\label{tab1}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centerline{\includegraphics{fig1.png}}
\caption{Example of a figure caption.}
\label{fig}
\end{figure}
Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure labels. Use words
rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to
avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity
``Magnetization'', or ``Magnetization, M'', not just ``M''. If including
units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only
with units. In the example, write ``Magnetization (A/m)'' or ``Magnetization
\{A[m(1)]\}'', not just ``A/m''. Do not label axes with a ratio of
quantities and units. For example, write ``Temperature (K)'', not
``Temperature/K''.
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
\bibliography{references}
\end{document}

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IEEEabrv.bib
V1.12 (2007/01/11)
Copyright (c) 2002-2007 by Michael Shell
See: http://www.michaelshell.org/
for current contact information.
BibTeX bibliography string definitions of the ABBREVIATED titles of
IEEE journals and magazines and online publications.
This file is designed for bibliography styles that require
abbreviated titles and is not for use in bibliographies that
require full-length titles.
Support sites:
http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/
and/or
http://www.ieee.org/
Special thanks to Laura Hyslop and ken Rawson of IEEE for their help
in obtaining the information needed to compile this file. Also,
Volker Kuhlmann and Moritz Borgmann kindly provided some corrections
and additions.
*************************************************************************
Legal Notice:
This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE!
User assumes all risk.
In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
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All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
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This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
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Retain all contribution notices and credits.
** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including **
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File list of work: IEEEabrv.bib, IEEEfull.bib, IEEEexample.bib,
IEEEtran.bst, IEEEtranS.bst, IEEEtranSA.bst,
IEEEtranN.bst, IEEEtranSN.bst, IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf
*************************************************************************
USAGE:
\bibliographystyle{mybstfile}
\bibliography{IEEEabrv,mybibfile}
where the IEEE titles in the .bib database entries use the strings
defined here. e.g.,
journal = IEEE_J_AC,
to yield "{IEEE} Trans. Automat. Contr."
IEEE uses abbreviated journal titles in their bibliographies -
this file is suitable for work that is to be submitted to the IEEE.
For work that requires full-length titles, you should use the full
titles provided in the companion file, IEEEfull.bib.
** NOTES **
1. Journals have been grouped according to subject in order to make it
easier to locate and extract the definitions for related journals -
as most works use references that are confined to a single topic.
Magazines are listed in straight alphabetical order.
2. String names are closely based on IEEE's own internal acronyms.
3. Abbreviations follow IEEE's style.
4. Older, out-of-print IEEE titles are included (but not including titles
dating prior to IEEE's formation from the IRE and AIEE in 1963).
5. The following NEW/current journal definitions have been disabled because
their abbreviations have not yet been verified:
STRING{IEEE_J_CBB = "{IEEE/ACM} Trans. Comput. Biology Bioinformatics"}
STRING{IEEE_J_CJECE = "Canadian J. Elect. Comput. Eng."}
STRING{IEEE_J_DSC = "{IEEE} Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."}
STRING{IEEE_O_DSO = "{IEEE} Distrib. Syst. Online"}
6. The following OLD journal definitions have been disabled because
their abbreviations have not yet been found/verified:
STRING{IEEE_J_BCTV = "{IEEE} Trans. Broadcast Television Receivers"}
STRING{IEEE_J_EWS = "{IEEE} Trans. Eng. Writing Speech"}
If you know what the proper abbreviation is for a string in #5 or #6 above,
email me and I will correct them in the next release.
IEEE Journals
aerospace and military
@STRING{IEEE_J_AES = "{IEEE} Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ANE = "{IEEE} Trans. Aerosp. Navig. Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ANNE = "{IEEE} Trans. Aeronaut. Navig. Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AS = "{IEEE} Trans. Aerosp."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AIRE = "{IEEE} Trans. Airborne Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MIL = "{IEEE} Trans. Mil. Electron."}
autos, transportation and vehicles (non-aerospace)
@STRING{IEEE_J_ITS = "{IEEE} Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_VT = "{IEEE} Trans. Veh. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_VC = "{IEEE} Trans. Veh. Commun."}
circuits, signals, systems, audio and controls
@STRING{IEEE_J_SPL = "{IEEE} Signal Process. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ASSP = "{IEEE} Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AU = "{IEEE} Trans. Audio"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AUEA = "{IEEE} Trans. Audio Electroacoust."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AC = "{IEEE} Trans. Autom. Control"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAS = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASVT = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASI = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {I}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASII = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {II}"}
in 2004 CASI and CASII renamed part title to CASI_RP and CASII_EB, respectively.
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASI_RP = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {I}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASII_EB = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {II}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CT = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuit Theory"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CST = "{IEEE} Trans. Control Syst. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SP = "{IEEE} Trans. Signal Process."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SU = "{IEEE} Trans. Sonics Ultrason."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SAP = "{IEEE} Trans. Speech Audio Process."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_UE = "{IEEE} Trans. Ultrason. Eng."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_UFFC = "{IEEE} Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelectr., Freq. Control"}
communications
@STRING{IEEE_J_COML = "{IEEE} Commun. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JSAC = "{IEEE} J. Sel. Areas Commun."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_COM = "{IEEE} Trans. Commun."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_COMT = "{IEEE} Trans. Commun. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_WCOM = "{IEEE} Trans. Wireless Commun."}
components, packaging and manufacturing
@STRING{IEEE_J_ADVP = "{IEEE} Trans. Adv. Packag."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CHMT = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon., Hybrids, Manuf. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPMTA = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol. {A}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPMTB = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol. {B}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPMTC = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol. {C}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAPT = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAPTS = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPART = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon. Parts"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EPM = "{IEEE} Trans. Electron. Packag. Manuf."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MFT = "{IEEE} Trans. Manuf. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PHP = "{IEEE} Trans. Parts, Hybrids, Packag."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PMP = "{IEEE} Trans. Parts, Mater., Packag."}
CAD
@STRING{IEEE_J_TCAD = "{IEEE} J. Technol. Comput. Aided Design"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAD = "{IEEE} Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst."}
coding, data, information, knowledge
@STRING{IEEE_J_IT = "{IEEE} Trans. Inf. Theory"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_KDE = "{IEEE} Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."}
computers, computation, networking and software
@STRING{IEEE_J_C = "{IEEE} Trans. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAL = "{IEEE} Comput. Archit. Lett."}
disabled till definition is verified
STRING{IEEE_J_DSC = "{IEEE} Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ECOMP = "{IEEE} Trans. Electron. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EVC = "{IEEE} Trans. Evol. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_FUZZ = "{IEEE} Trans. Fuzzy Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IFS = "{IEEE} Trans. Inf. Forensics Security"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MC = "{IEEE} Trans. Mobile Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NET = "{IEEE/ACM} Trans. Netw."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NN = "{IEEE} Trans. Neural Netw."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PDS = "{IEEE} Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SE = "{IEEE} Trans. Softw. Eng."}
computer graphics, imaging, and multimedia
@STRING{IEEE_J_JDT = "{IEEE/OSA} J. Display Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IP = "{IEEE} Trans. Image Process."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MM = "{IEEE} Trans. Multimedia"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_VCG = "{IEEE} Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"}
cybernetics, ergonomics, robots, man-machine, and automation
@STRING{IEEE_J_ASE = "{IEEE} Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JRA = "{IEEE} J. Robot. Autom."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_HFE = "{IEEE} Trans. Hum. Factors Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MMS = "{IEEE} Trans. Man-Mach. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PAMI = "{IEEE} Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."}
in 1989 JRA became RA
in August 2004, RA split into ASE and RO
@STRING{IEEE_J_RA = "{IEEE} Trans. Robot. Autom."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_RO = "{IEEE} Trans. Robot."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMC = "{IEEE} Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMCA = "{IEEE} Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. {A}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMCB = "{IEEE} Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. {B}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMCC = "{IEEE} Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. {C}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SSC = "{IEEE} Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern."}
earth, wind, fire and water
@STRING{IEEE_J_GE = "{IEEE} Trans. Geosci. Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_GRS = "{IEEE} Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_GRSL = "{IEEE} Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_OE = "{IEEE} J. Ocean. Eng."}
education, engineering, history, IEEE, professional
disabled till definition is verified
STRING{IEEE_J_CJECE = "Canadian J. Elect. Comput. Eng."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PROC = "Proc. {IEEE}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EDU = "{IEEE} Trans. Educ."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EM = "{IEEE} Trans. Eng. Manag."}
disabled till definition is verified
STRING{IEEE_J_EWS = "{IEEE} Trans. Eng. Writing Speech"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PC = "{IEEE} Trans. Prof. Commun."}
electromagnetics, antennas, EMI, magnetics and microwave
@STRING{IEEE_J_AWPL = "{IEEE} Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MGWL = "{IEEE} Microw. Guided Wave Lett."}
IEEE seems to want "Compon." here, not "Comp."
@STRING{IEEE_J_MWCL = "{IEEE} Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AP = "{IEEE} Trans. Antennas Propag."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EMC = "{IEEE} Trans. Electromagn. Compat."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MAG = "{IEEE} Trans. Magn."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MTT = "{IEEE} Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_RFI = "{IEEE} Trans. Radio Freq. Interference"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_TJMJ = "{IEEE} Transl. J. Magn. Jpn."}
energy and power
@STRING{IEEE_J_EC = "{IEEE} Trans. Energy Convers."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PEL = "{IEEE} Power Electron. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PWRAS = "{IEEE} Trans. Power App. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PWRD = "{IEEE} Trans. Power Del."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PWRE = "{IEEE} Trans. Power Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PWRS = "{IEEE} Trans. Power Syst."}
industrial, commercial and consumer
@STRING{IEEE_J_APPIND = "{IEEE} Trans. Appl. Ind."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_BC = "{IEEE} Trans. Broadcast."}
disabled till definition is verified
STRING{IEEE_J_BCTV = "{IEEE} Trans. Broadcast Television Receivers"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CE = "{IEEE} Trans. Consum. Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IE = "{IEEE} Trans. Ind. Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IECI = "{IEEE} Trans. Ind. Electron. Contr. Instrum."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IA = "{IEEE} Trans. Ind. Appl."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IGA = "{IEEE} Trans. Ind. Gen. Appl."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IINF = "{IEEE} Trans. Ind. Informat."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PSE = "{IEEE} J. Product Safety Eng."}
instrumentation and measurement
@STRING{IEEE_J_IM = "{IEEE} Trans. Instrum. Meas."}
insulation and materials
@STRING{IEEE_J_JEM = "{IEEE/TMS} J. Electron. Mater."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_DEI = "{IEEE} Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EI = "{IEEE} Trans. Electr. Insul."}
mechanical
@STRING{IEEE_J_MECH = "{IEEE/ASME} Trans. Mechatronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MEMS = "J. Microelectromech. Syst."}
medical and biological
@STRING{IEEE_J_BME = "{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng."}
Note: The B-ME journal later dropped the hyphen and became the BME.
@STRING{IEEE_J_B-ME = "{IEEE} Trans. Bio-Med. Eng."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_BMELC = "{IEEE} Trans. Bio-Med. Electron."}
disabled till definition is verified
STRING{IEEE_J_CBB = "{IEEE/ACM} Trans. Comput. Biology Bioinformatics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ITBM = "{IEEE} Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ME = "{IEEE} Trans. Med. Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MI = "{IEEE} Trans. Med. Imag."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NB = "{IEEE} Trans. Nanobiosci."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NSRE = "{IEEE} Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_RE = "{IEEE} Trans. Rehabil. Eng."}
optics, lightwave and photonics
@STRING{IEEE_J_PTL = "{IEEE} Photon. Technol. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JLT = "J. Lightw. Technol."}
physics, electrons, nanotechnology, nuclear and quantum electronics
@STRING{IEEE_J_EDL = "{IEEE} Electron Device Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JQE = "{IEEE} J. Quantum Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JSTQE = "{IEEE} J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ED = "{IEEE} Trans. Electron Devices"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NANO = "{IEEE} Trans. Nanotechnol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NS = "{IEEE} Trans. Nucl. Sci."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PS = "{IEEE} Trans. Plasma Sci."}
reliability
IEEE seems to want "Mat." here, not "Mater."
@STRING{IEEE_J_DMR = "{IEEE} Trans. Device Mater. Rel."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_R = "{IEEE} Trans. Rel."}
semiconductors, superconductors, electrochemical and solid state
@STRING{IEEE_J_ESSL = "{IEEE/ECS} Electrochem. Solid-State Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JSSC = "{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ASC = "{IEEE} Trans. Appl. Supercond."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SM = "{IEEE} Trans. Semicond. Manuf."}
sensors
@STRING{IEEE_J_SENSOR = "{IEEE} Sensors J."}
VLSI
@STRING{IEEE_J_VLSI = "{IEEE} Trans. {VLSI} Syst."}
IEEE Magazines
@STRING{IEEE_M_AES = "{IEEE} Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_HIST = "{IEEE} Ann. Hist. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_AP = "{IEEE} Antennas Propag. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_ASSP = "{IEEE} {ASSP} Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CD = "{IEEE} Circuits Devices Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CAS = "{IEEE} Circuits Syst. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_COM = "{IEEE} Commun. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_COMSOC = "{IEEE} Commun. Soc. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CIM = "{IEEE} Comput. Intell. Mag."}
CSEM changed to CSE in 1999
@STRING{IEEE_M_CSE = "{IEEE} Comput. Sci. Eng."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CSEM = "{IEEE} Comput. Sci. Eng. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_C = "{IEEE} Computer"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CAP = "{IEEE} Comput. Appl. Power"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CGA = "{IEEE} Comput. Graph. Appl."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CONC = "{IEEE} Concurrency"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CS = "{IEEE} Control Syst. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_DTC = "{IEEE} Des. Test. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EI = "{IEEE} Electr. Insul. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_ETR = "{IEEE} ElectroTechnol. Rev."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EMB = "{IEEE} Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EMR = "{IEEE} Eng. Manag. Rev."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EXP = "{IEEE} Expert"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_IA = "{IEEE} Ind. Appl. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_IM = "{IEEE} Instrum. Meas. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_IS = "{IEEE} Intell. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_IC = "{IEEE} Internet Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_ITP = "{IEEE} {IT} Prof."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_MICRO = "{IEEE} Micro"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_MW = "{IEEE} Microw. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_MM = "{IEEE} Multimedia"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_NET = "{IEEE} Netw."}
IEEE's editorial manual lists "Pers. Commun.",
but "Personal Commun. Mag." seems to be what is used in the journals
@STRING{IEEE_M_PCOM = "{IEEE} Personal Commun. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_POT = "{IEEE} Potentials"}
CAP and PER merged to form PE in 2003
@STRING{IEEE_M_PE = "{IEEE} Power Energy Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_PER = "{IEEE} Power Eng. Rev."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_PVC = "{IEEE} Pervasive Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_RA = "{IEEE} Robot. Autom. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_SAP = "{IEEE} Security Privacy"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_SP = "{IEEE} Signal Process. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_S = "{IEEE} Softw."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_SPECT = "{IEEE} Spectr."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_TS = "{IEEE} Technol. Soc. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_VT = "{IEEE} Veh. Technol. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_WC = "{IEEE} Wireless Commun. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_TODAY = "Today's Engineer"}
IEEE Online Publications
@STRING{IEEE_O_CSTO = "{IEEE} Commun. Surveys Tuts."}
disabled till definition is verified
STRING{IEEE_O_DSO = "{IEEE} Distrib. Syst. Online"}
--
EOF

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IEEEfull.bib
V1.12 (2007/01/11)
Copyright (c) 2002-2007 by Michael Shell
See: http://www.michaelshell.org/
for current contact information.
BibTeX bibliography string definitions of the FULL titles of
IEEE journals and magazines and online publications.
This file is designed for bibliography styles that require
full-length titles and is not for use in bibliographies that
abbreviate titles.
Support sites:
http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/
and/or
http://www.ieee.org/
Special thanks to Laura Hyslop and ken Rawson of IEEE for their help
in obtaining the information needed to compile this file. Also,
Volker Kuhlmann and Moritz Borgmann kindly provided some corrections
and additions.
*************************************************************************
Legal Notice:
This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE!
User assumes all risk.
In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
of any information contained here.
All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
2003/12/01 or later.
Retain all contribution notices and credits.
** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including **
** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
File list of work: IEEEabrv.bib, IEEEfull.bib, IEEEexample.bib,
IEEEtran.bst, IEEEtranS.bst, IEEEtranSA.bst,
IEEEtranN.bst, IEEEtranSN.bst, IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf
*************************************************************************
USAGE:
\bibliographystyle{mybstfile}
\bibliography{IEEEfull,mybibfile}
where the IEEE titles in the .bib database entries use the strings
defined here. e.g.,
journal = IEEE_J_AC,
to yield "{IEEE} Transactions on Automatic Control"
WARNING: IEEE uses abbreviated journal titles in their bibliographies!
Because this file provides the full titles, you should NOT use this file
for work that is to be submitted to the IEEE.
For IEEE work, you should use the abbreviated titles provided in the
companion file, IEEEabrv.bib.
** NOTES **
1. Journals have been grouped according to subject in order to make it
easier to locate and extract the definitions for related journals -
as most works use references that are confined to a single topic.
Magazines are listed in straight alphabetical order.
2. String names are closely based on IEEE's own internal acronyms.
3. Older, out-of-print IEEE titles are included (but not including titles
dating prior to IEEE's formation from the IRE and AIEE in 1963).
IEEE Journals
aerospace and military
@STRING{IEEE_J_AES = "{IEEE} Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ANE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Aerospace and Navigational Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ANNE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Aerospace"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AIRE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Airborne Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MIL = "{IEEE} Transactions on Military Electronics"}
autos, transportation and vehicles (non-aerospace)
@STRING{IEEE_J_ITS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_VT = "{IEEE} Transactions on Vehicular Technology"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_VC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Vehicular Communications"}
circuits, signals, systems, audio and controls
@STRING{IEEE_J_SPL = "{IEEE} Signal Processing Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ASSP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AU = "{IEEE} Transactions on Audio"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AUEA = "{IEEE} Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Automatic Control"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Circuits and Systems"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASVT = "{IEEE} Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASI = "{IEEE} Transactions on Circuits and Systems---Part {I}: Fundamental Theory and Applications"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASII = "{IEEE} Transactions on Circuits and Systems---Part {II}: Analog and Digital Signal Processing"}
in 2004 CASI and CASII renamed part title to CASI_RP and CASII_EB, respectively.
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASI_RP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Circuits and Systems---Part {I}: Regular Papers"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASII_EB = "{IEEE} Transactions on Circuits and Systems---Part {II}: Express Briefs"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CT = "{IEEE} Transactions on Circuit Theory"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CST = "{IEEE} Transactions on Control Systems Technology"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Signal Processing"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SU = "{IEEE} Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SAP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_UE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Ultrasonics Engineering"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_UFFC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control"}
communications
@STRING{IEEE_J_COML = "{IEEE} Communications Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JSAC = "{IEEE} Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_COM = "{IEEE} Transactions on Communications"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_COMT = "{IEEE} Transactions on Communication Technology"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_WCOM = "{IEEE} Transactions on Wireless Communications"}
components, packaging and manufacturing
@STRING{IEEE_J_ADVP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Advanced Packaging"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CHMT = "{IEEE} Transactions on Components, Hybrids and Manufacturing Technology"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPMTA = "{IEEE} Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology---Part {A}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPMTB = "{IEEE} Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology---Part {B}: Advanced Packaging"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPMTC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology---Part {C}: Manufacturing"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAPT = "{IEEE} Transactions on Components and Packaging Technology"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAPTS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPART = "{IEEE} Transactions on Component Parts"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EPM = "{IEEE} Transactions on Electronics Packaging Manufacturing"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MFT = "{IEEE} Transactions on Manufacturing Technology"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PHP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Parts, Hybrids and Packaging"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PMP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Parts, Materials and Packaging"}
CAD
@STRING{IEEE_J_TCAD = "{IEEE} Journal on Technology in Computer Aided Design"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAD = "{IEEE} Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems"}
coding, data, information, knowledge
@STRING{IEEE_J_IT = "{IEEE} Transactions on Information Theory"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_KDE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"}
computers, computation, networking and software
@STRING{IEEE_J_C = "{IEEE} Transactions on Computers"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAL = "{IEEE} Computer Architecture Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_DSC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ECOMP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Electronic Computers"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EVC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_FUZZ = "{IEEE} Transactions on Fuzzy Systems"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IFS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Mobile Computing"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NET = "{IEEE/ACM} Transactions on Networking"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NN = "{IEEE} Transactions on Neural Networks"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PDS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Software Engineering"}
computer graphics, imaging, and multimedia
@STRING{IEEE_J_JDT = "{IEEE/OSA} Journal of Display Technology"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Image Processing"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MM = "{IEEE} Transactions on Multimedia"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_VCG = "{IEEE} Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"}
cybernetics, ergonomics, robots, man-machine, and automation
@STRING{IEEE_J_ASE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JRA = "{IEEE} Journal of Robotics and Automation"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_HFE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MMS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Man-Machine Systems"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PAMI = "{IEEE} Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"}
in 1989 JRA became RA
in August 2004, RA split into ASE and RO
@STRING{IEEE_J_RA = "{IEEE} Transactions on Robotics and Automation"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_RO = "{IEEE} Transactions on Robotics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMCA = "{IEEE} Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics---Part {A}: Systems and Humans"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMCB = "{IEEE} Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics---Part {B}: Cybernetics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMCC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics---Part {C}: Applications and Reviews"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SSC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics"}
earth, wind, fire and water
@STRING{IEEE_J_GE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Geoscience Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_GRS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_GRSL = "{IEEE} Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_OE = "{IEEE} Journal of Oceanic Engineering"}
education, engineering, history, IEEE, professional
@STRING{IEEE_J_CJECE = "Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PROC = "Proceedings of the {IEEE}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EDU = "{IEEE} Transactions on Education"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EM = "{IEEE} Transactions on Engineering Management"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EWS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Engineering Writing and Speech"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Professional Communication"}
electromagnetics, antennas, EMI, magnetics and microwave
@STRING{IEEE_J_AWPL = "{IEEE} Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MGWL = "{IEEE} Microwave and Guided Wave Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MWCL = "{IEEE} Microwave and Wireless Components Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AP = "{IEEE} Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EMC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MAG = "{IEEE} Transactions on Magnetics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MTT = "{IEEE} Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_RFI = "{IEEE} Transactions on Radio Frequency Interference"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_TJMJ = "{IEEE} Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan"}
energy and power
@STRING{IEEE_J_EC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Energy Conversion"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PEL = "{IEEE} Power Electronics Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PWRAS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PWRD = "{IEEE} Transactions on Power Delivery"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PWRE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Power Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PWRS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Power Systems"}
industrial, commercial and consumer
@STRING{IEEE_J_APPIND = "{IEEE} Transactions on Applications and Industry"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_BC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Broadcasting"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_BCTV = "{IEEE} Transactions on Broadcast and Television Receivers"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Consumer Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Industrial Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IECI = "{IEEE} Transactions on Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IA = "{IEEE} Transactions on Industry Applications"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IGA = "{IEEE} Transactions on Industry and General Applications"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IINF = "{IEEE} Transactions on Industrial Informatics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PSE = "{IEEE} Journal of Product Safety Engineering"}
instrumentation and measurement
@STRING{IEEE_J_IM = "{IEEE} Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"}
insulation and materials
@STRING{IEEE_J_JEM = "{IEEE/TMS} Journal of Electronic Materials"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_DEI = "{IEEE} Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EI = "{IEEE} Transactions on Electrical Insulation"}
mechanical
@STRING{IEEE_J_MECH = "{IEEE/ASME} Transactions on Mechatronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MEMS = "{IEEE/ASME} Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems"}
medical and biological
@STRING{IEEE_J_BME = "{IEEE} Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"}
Note: The B-ME journal later dropped the hyphen and became the BME.
@STRING{IEEE_J_B-ME = "{IEEE} Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_BMELC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Bio-Medical Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CBB = "{IEEE/ACM} Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ITBM = "{IEEE} Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ME = "{IEEE} Transactions on Medical Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MI = "{IEEE} Transactions on Medical Imaging"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NB = "{IEEE} Transactions on NanoBioscience"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NSRE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_RE = "{IEEE} Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering"}
optics, lightwave and photonics
@STRING{IEEE_J_PTL = "{IEEE} Photonics Technology Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JLT = "{IEEE/OSA} Journal of Lightwave Technology"}
physics, electrons, nanotechnology, nuclear and quantum electronics
@STRING{IEEE_J_EDL = "{IEEE} Electron Device Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JQE = "{IEEE} Journal of Quantum Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JSTQE = "{IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ED = "{IEEE} Transactions on Electron Devices"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NANO = "{IEEE} Transactions on Nanotechnology"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Nuclear Science"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PS = "{IEEE} Transactions on Plasma Science"}
reliability
@STRING{IEEE_J_DMR = "{IEEE} Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_R = "{IEEE} Transactions on Reliability"}
semiconductors, superconductors, electrochemical and solid state
@STRING{IEEE_J_ESSL = "{IEEE/ECS} Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JSSC = "{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ASC = "{IEEE} Transactions on Applied Superconductivity"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SM = "{IEEE} Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing"}
sensors
@STRING{IEEE_J_SENSOR = "{IEEE} Sensors Journal"}
VLSI
@STRING{IEEE_J_VLSI = "{IEEE} Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration ({VLSI}) Systems"}
IEEE Magazines
@STRING{IEEE_M_AES = "{IEEE} Aerospace and Electronics Systems Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_HIST = "{IEEE} Annals of the History of Computing"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_AP = "{IEEE} Antennas and Propagation Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_ASSP = "{IEEE} {ASSP} Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CD = "{IEEE} Circuits and Devices Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CAS = "{IEEE} Circuits and Systems Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_COM = "{IEEE} Communications Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_COMSOC = "{IEEE} Communications Society Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CIM = "{IEEE} Computational Intelligence Magazine"}
CSEM changed to CSE in 1999
@STRING{IEEE_M_CSE = "{IEEE} Computing in Science and Engineering"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CSEM = "{IEEE} Computational Science and Engineering Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_C = "{IEEE} Computer"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CAP = "{IEEE} Computer Applications in Power"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CGA = "{IEEE} Computer Graphics and Applications"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CONC = "{IEEE} Concurrency"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CS = "{IEEE} Control Systems Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_DTC = "{IEEE} Design and Test of Computers"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EI = "{IEEE} Electrical Insulation Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_ETR = "{IEEE} ElectroTechnology Review"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EMB = "{IEEE} Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EMR = "{IEEE} Engineering Management Review"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EXP = "{IEEE} Expert"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_IA = "{IEEE} Industry Applications Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_IM = "{IEEE} Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_IS = "{IEEE} Intelligent Systems"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_IC = "{IEEE} Internet Computing"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_ITP = "{IEEE} {IT} Professional"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_MICRO = "{IEEE} Micro"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_MW = "{IEEE} Microwave Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_MM = "{IEEE} Multimedia"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_NET = "{IEEE} Network"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_PCOM = "{IEEE} Personal Communications Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_POT = "{IEEE} Potentials"}
CAP and PER merged to form PE in 2003
@STRING{IEEE_M_PE = "{IEEE} Power and Energy Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_PER = "{IEEE} Power Engineering Review"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_PVC = "{IEEE} Pervasive Computing"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_RA = "{IEEE} Robotics and Automation Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_SAP = "{IEEE} Security and Privacy"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_SP = "{IEEE} Signal Processing Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_S = "{IEEE} Software"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_SPECT = "{IEEE} Spectrum"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_TS = "{IEEE} Technology and Society Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_VT = "{IEEE} Vehicular Technology Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_WC = "{IEEE} Wireless Communications Magazine"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_TODAY = "Today's Engineer"}
IEEE Online Publications
@STRING{IEEE_O_CSTO = "{IEEE} Communications Surveys and Tutorials"}
@STRING{IEEE_O_DSO = "{IEEE} Distributed Systems Online"}
--
EOF

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January 11, 2007
IEEEtran.bst is the official BibTeX style for authors of the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions journals and
conferences.
It also may have applications for other academic work such as theses and
technical reports. The alphanumeric and natbib variants extend the
applicability of the IEEEtran bibstyle family to the natural sciences
and beyond.
The IEEEtran bibstyle is a very comprehensive BibTeX style which provides
many features beyond the standard BibTeX styles, including full support
for references of online documents, patents, periodicals and standards.
See the provided user manual for detailed usage information.
The latest version of the IEEEtran BibTeX style can be found at CTAN:
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/bibtex/
as well as within IEEE's site:
http://www.ieee.org/
Note that the packages at IEEE's site do not contain the natbib and
alphanumeric variants (e.g., IEEEtranN.bst, etc.) as these are not used
for IEEE related work. These files can be obtained on CTAN.
For helpful tips, answers to frequently asked questions and other support,
visit the IEEEtran home page at my website:
http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
Enjoy!
Michael Shell
http://www.michaelshell.org/
*******
Version 1.12 (2007/01/11) changes:
1. Fixed bug with unwanted comma before "et al." when an entry contained
more than two author names. Thanks to Pallav Gupta for reporting this.
2. Fixed bug with anomalous closing quote in tech reports that have a
type, but without a number or address. Thanks to Mehrdad Mirreza for
reporting this.
3. Use braces in \providecommand in begin.bib to better support
latex2html. TeX style length assignments OK with recent versions
of latex2html - 1.71 (2002/2/1) or later is strongly recommended.
Use of the language field still causes trouble with latex2html.
Thanks to Federico Beffa for reporting this.
4. Added IEEEtran.bst ID and version comment string to .bbl output.
5. Provide a \BIBdecl hook that allows the user to execute commands
just prior to the first entry.
6. Use default urlstyle (is using url.sty) of "same" rather than rm to
better work with a wider variety of bibliography styles.
7. Changed month abbreviations from Sept., July and June to Sep., Jul.,
and Jun., respectively, as IEEE now does. Thanks to Moritz Borgmann
for reporting this.
8. Control entry types should not be considered when calculating longest
label width.
9. Added alias www for electronic/online.
10. Updated full and abbreviated journal name string definitions in
IEEEfull.bib and IEEEabrv.bib.
11. New IEEEtranSA.bst, IEEEtranN.bst, and IEEEtranSN.bst variants for
alphanumeric citation tags and natbib compatibility.
********************************** Files **********************************
README - This file.
IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf - The user manual.
IEEEtran.bst - The standard IEEEtran BibTeX style file. For use
with IEEE work.
IEEEtranS.bst - A version of IEEEtran.bst that sorts the entries.
Some IEEE conferences/publications may use/allow
sorted bibliographies.
IEEEexample.bib - An example BibTeX database that contains the
references shown in the user manual.
IEEEabrv.bib - String definitions for the abbreviated names of
IEEE journals. (For use with IEEE work.)
IEEEfull.bib - String definitions for the full names of IEEE
journals. (Do not use for IEEE work.)
Carried on CTAN only, for non-IEEE related work:
IEEEtranSA.bst - Like IEEEtranS.bst, but with alphanumeric citation
tags like alpha.bst. Not for normal IEEE use.
EEEtranN.bst - Like IEEEtran.bst, but based on plainnat.bst and
is compatible with Patrick W. Daly's natbib
package. Not for normal IEEE use.
IEEEtranSN.bst - Sorting version of IEEEtranN.bst. Not for normal
IEEE use
***************************************************************************
Legal Notice:
This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE!
User assumes all risk.
In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
of any information contained here.
All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
2003/12/01 or later.
Retain all contribution notices and credits.
** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including **
** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
File list of work: IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf, IEEEtran.bst, IEEEtranS.bst,
IEEEtranSA.bst, IEEEtranN.bst, IEEEtranSN.bst,
IEEEexample.bib, IEEEabrv.bib, IEEEfull.bib
***************************************************************************

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@Article{app14020744,
AUTHOR = {Testolin, Alberto},
TITLE = {Can Neural Networks Do Arithmetic? A Survey on the Elementary Numerical Skills of State-of-the-Art Deep Learning Models},
JOURNAL = {Applied Sciences},
VOLUME = {14},
YEAR = {2024},
NUMBER = {2},
ARTICLE-NUMBER = {744},
URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/2/744},
ISSN = {2076-3417},
ABSTRACT = {Creating learning models that can exhibit sophisticated reasoning abilities is one of the greatest challenges in deep learning research, and mathematics is rapidly becoming one of the target domains for assessing scientific progress in this direction. In the past few years there has been an explosion of neural network architectures, datasets, and benchmarks specifically designed to tackle mathematical problems, reporting impressive achievements in disparate fields such as automated theorem proving, numerical integration, and the discovery of new conjectures or matrix multiplication algorithms. However, despite this notable success it is still unclear whether deep learning models possess an elementary understanding of quantities and numbers. This survey critically examines the recent literature, concluding that even state-of-the-art architectures and large language models often fall short when probed with relatively simple tasks designed to test basic numerical and arithmetic knowledge.},
DOI = {10.3390/app14020744}
}
@article{Wang2024, title={History, development, and principles of large language models: An introductory survey}, DOI={10.1007/s43681-024-00583-7}, journal={AI and Ethics}, author={Wang, Zichong and Chu, Zhibo and Doan, Thang Viet and Ni, Shiwen and Yang, Min and Zhang, Wenbin}, year={2024}, month={Oct}}
@misc{vaswani2023attentionneed,
title={Attention Is All You Need},
author={Ashish Vaswani and Noam Shazeer and Niki Parmar and Jakob Uszkoreit and Llion Jones and Aidan N. Gomez and Lukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin},
year={2023},
eprint={1706.03762},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762},
}
@misc{ivanov2024,
title={AI Benchmarks and Datasets for LLM Evaluation},
author={Todor Ivanov and Valeri Penchev},
year={2024},
eprint={2412.01020},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.DC},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.01020},
}
@misc{hoffmann2022trainingcomputeoptimallargelanguage,
title={Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models},
author={Jordan Hoffmann and Sebastian Borgeaud and Arthur Mensch and Elena Buchatskaya and Trevor Cai and Eliza Rutherford and Diego de Las Casas and Lisa Anne Hendricks and Johannes Welbl and Aidan Clark and Tom Hennigan and Eric Noland and Katie Millican and George van den Driessche and Bogdan Damoc and Aurelia Guy and Simon Osindero and Karen Simonyan and Erich Elsen and Jack W. Rae and Oriol Vinyals and Laurent Sifre},
year={2022},
eprint={2203.15556},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.15556},
}
@misc{hendrycks2021measuringmathematicalproblemsolving,
title={Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Dataset},
author={Dan Hendrycks and Collin Burns and Saurav Kadavath and Akul Arora and Steven Basart and Eric Tang and Dawn Song and Jacob Steinhardt},
year={2021},
eprint={2103.03874},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.LG},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.03874},
}
@misc{ahn2024largelanguagemodelsmathematical,
title={Large Language Models for Mathematical Reasoning: Progresses and Challenges},
author={Janice Ahn and Rishu Verma and Renze Lou and Di Liu and Rui Zhang and Wenpeng Yin},
year={2024},
eprint={2402.00157},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.00157},
}
@misc{cobbe2021trainingverifierssolvemath,
title={Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems},
author={Karl Cobbe and Vineet Kosaraju and Mohammad Bavarian and Mark Chen and Heewoo Jun and Lukasz Kaiser and Matthias Plappert and Jerry Tworek and Jacob Hilton and Reiichiro Nakano and Christopher Hesse and John Schulman},
year={2021},
eprint={2110.14168},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.LG},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.14168},
}
@misc{cuda_programming_guide_2025,
author = {NVIDIA},
title = {1. Introduction - CUDA C++ Programming Guide},
year = {2025},
month = {Feb},
url = {https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-programming-guide/},
journal = {1. Introduction - CUDA C++ Programming Guide}
}
@misc{deepseekai2025deepseekv3technicalreport,
title={DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report},
author={DeepSeek-AI and Aixin Liu and Bei Feng and Bing Xue and Bingxuan Wang and Bochao Wu and Chengda Lu and Chenggang Zhao and Chengqi Deng and Chenyu Zhang and Chong Ruan and Damai Dai and Daya Guo and Dejian Yang and Deli Chen and Dongjie Ji and Erhang Li and Fangyun Lin and Fucong Dai and Fuli Luo and Guangbo Hao and Guanting Chen and Guowei Li and H. Zhang and Han Bao and Hanwei Xu and Haocheng Wang and Haowei Zhang and Honghui Ding and Huajian Xin and Huazuo Gao and Hui Li and Hui Qu and J. L. Cai and Jian Liang and Jianzhong Guo and Jiaqi Ni and Jiashi Li and Jiawei Wang and Jin Chen and Jingchang Chen and Jingyang Yuan and Junjie Qiu and Junlong Li and Junxiao Song and Kai Dong and Kai Hu and Kaige Gao and Kang Guan and Kexin Huang and Kuai Yu and Lean Wang and Lecong Zhang and Lei Xu and Leyi Xia and Liang Zhao and Litong Wang and Liyue Zhang and Meng Li and Miaojun Wang and Mingchuan Zhang and Minghua Zhang and Minghui Tang and Mingming Li and Ning Tian and Panpan Huang and Peiyi Wang and Peng Zhang and Qiancheng Wang and Qihao Zhu and Qinyu Chen and Qiushi Du and R. J. Chen and R. L. Jin and Ruiqi Ge and Ruisong Zhang and Ruizhe Pan and Runji Wang and Runxin Xu and Ruoyu Zhang and Ruyi Chen and S. S. Li and Shanghao Lu and Shangyan Zhou and Shanhuang Chen and Shaoqing Wu and Shengfeng Ye and Shengfeng Ye and Shirong Ma and Shiyu Wang and Shuang Zhou and Shuiping Yu and Shunfeng Zhou and Shuting Pan and T. Wang and Tao Yun and Tian Pei and Tianyu Sun and W. L. Xiao and Wangding Zeng and Wanjia Zhao and Wei An and Wen Liu and Wenfeng Liang and Wenjun Gao and Wenqin Yu and Wentao Zhang and X. Q. Li and Xiangyue Jin and Xianzu Wang and Xiao Bi and Xiaodong Liu and Xiaohan Wang and Xiaojin Shen and Xiaokang Chen and Xiaokang Zhang and Xiaosha Chen and Xiaotao Nie and Xiaowen Sun and Xiaoxiang Wang and Xin Cheng and Xin Liu and Xin Xie and Xingchao Liu and Xingkai Yu and Xinnan Song and Xinxia Shan and Xinyi Zhou and Xinyu Yang and Xinyuan Li and Xuecheng Su and Xuheng Lin and Y. K. Li and Y. Q. Wang and Y. X. Wei and Y. X. Zhu and Yang Zhang and Yanhong Xu and Yanhong Xu and Yanping Huang and Yao Li and Yao Zhao and Yaofeng Sun and Yaohui Li and Yaohui Wang and Yi Yu and Yi Zheng and Yichao Zhang and Yifan Shi and Yiliang Xiong and Ying He and Ying Tang and Yishi Piao and Yisong Wang and Yixuan Tan and Yiyang Ma and Yiyuan Liu and Yongqiang Guo and Yu Wu and Yuan Ou and Yuchen Zhu and Yuduan Wang and Yue Gong and Yuheng Zou and Yujia He and Yukun Zha and Yunfan Xiong and Yunxian Ma and Yuting Yan and Yuxiang Luo and Yuxiang You and Yuxuan Liu and Yuyang Zhou and Z. F. Wu and Z. Z. Ren and Zehui Ren and Zhangli Sha and Zhe Fu and Zhean Xu and Zhen Huang and Zhen Zhang and Zhenda Xie and Zhengyan Zhang and Zhewen Hao and Zhibin Gou and Zhicheng Ma and Zhigang Yan and Zhihong Shao and Zhipeng Xu and Zhiyu Wu and Zhongyu Zhang and Zhuoshu Li and Zihui Gu and Zijia Zhu and Zijun Liu and Zilin Li and Ziwei Xie and Ziyang Song and Ziyi Gao and Zizheng Pan},
year={2025},
eprint={2412.19437},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.19437},
}