polish: cross-reference verification and final formatting

- Fix overfull hbox in ch05 method comparison table (118pt -> resolved)
- Fix overfull hbox in ch09 verification equation (147pt -> split with align)
- Fix overfull hbox in ch08 phase plane table (16pt -> p-column width)
- Fix overfull hbox in appA VOP formula (70pt -> inline textstyle)
- Fix overfull hbox in appB Fourier series table (70pt -> resizebox)
- Fix overfull hbox in appB common integrals table (tabular width)
- Fix overfull hbox in appB Laplace properties table (tabular width)
- Fix float too large in ch06 TikZ resonance figure (scale + clip)
- Fix text overfull in ch03 terminal velocity paragraph
- Fix ch09 summary table width with @{} column specifiers

chapters/ch03_qualitative.tex

@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ Since $f'(v^*) = -k/m < 0$, the terminal velocity is asymptotically stable: any
   \label{eq:falling_quadratic}
   m\,\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t} = mg - kv^2.
 \end{equation}
-The terminal velocity is $v^* = \sqrt{mg/k}$. The qualitative behavior is the same---solutions converge to $v^*$ asymptotically---but the approach is different from the linear case.
+The terminal velocity is $v^* = \sqrt{mg/k}$. The qualitative behavior is the same: solutions converge to $v^*$ asymptotically. The approach, however, is different from the linear case.
 
 \subsection{Summary}
 \label{sec:ch03_summary}