diff --git a/chapters/ch01_introduction.tex b/chapters/ch01_introduction.tex index be7cb9e..e3a5781 100644 --- a/chapters/ch01_introduction.tex +++ b/chapters/ch01_introduction.tex @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ \section{Classification of Differential Equations} \label{sec:ch01_classification} +\label{ch:introduction} A \textbf{differential equation} (DE) is a relation between an unknown function and its derivatives. Differential equations are the language of dynamical systems, appearing in physics, engineering, biology, economics, and throughout the applied sciences. @@ -395,7 +396,11 @@ The interval of validity may be restricted by: Separating: $\displaystyle \frac{\diff y}{\sqrt{y}} = \diff x \;\Rightarrow\; 2\sqrt{y} = x + C$. With $y(0) = 1$, we get $C = 2$, so $y(x) = \left(\frac{x + 2}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{(x+2)^2}{4}$. - This solution is defined and differentiable for all $x \in \R$, so the interval of validity is $(-\infty, \infty)$. Note that although the Lipschitz condition fails at $y = 0$ (since $\pd{f}{y} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{y}}$ is unbounded there), the particular solution passing through $y(0) = 1$ never reaches $y = 0$ for $x > -2$, so uniqueness is preserved along this trajectory. + To find the interval of validity, check that the solution satisfies the original ODE: $y' = \frac{x+2}{2}$ while $\sqrt{y} = \frac{|x+2|}{2}$. These are equal only when $x + 2 \geq 0$, i.e., $x \geq -2$. For $x < -2$, we have $y' < 0$ while $\sqrt{y} \geq 0$, so the formula fails the ODE. At $x = -2$, the solution reaches $y = 0$ (the equilibrium). Therefore, the interval of validity is + \[ + (-2, \infty). + \] + Note that although the Lipschitz condition fails at $y = 0$ (since $\pd{f}{y} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{y}}$ is unbounded there), the particular solution passing through $y(0) = 1$ is valid on $(-2, \infty)$, and uniqueness is preserved on this interval. \end{workedexample} \section{Summary}