should be it

external/duckdb/third_party/fmt/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+if(POLICY CMP0063)
+    cmake_policy(SET CMP0063 NEW)
+endif()
+
+add_library(duckdb_fmt STATIC format.cc)
+
+target_include_directories(duckdb_fmt PRIVATE $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>)
+set_target_properties(duckdb_fmt PROPERTIES EXPORT_NAME duckdb_fmt)
+
+install(TARGETS duckdb_fmt
+        EXPORT "${DUCKDB_EXPORT_SET}"
+        LIBRARY DESTINATION "${INSTALL_LIB_DIR}"
+        ARCHIVE DESTINATION "${INSTALL_LIB_DIR}")
+
+disable_target_warnings(duckdb_fmt)

external/duckdb/third_party/fmt/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+--- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+without including the above copyright and permission notices.

external/duckdb/third_party/fmt/format.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Formatting library for C++
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include "fmt/format-inl.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace internal {
+
+template <typename T>
+int format_float(char* buf, std::size_t size, const char* format, int precision,
+                 T value) {
+#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
+  if (precision > 100000)
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        "fuzz mode - avoid large allocation inside snprintf");
+#endif
+  // Suppress the warning about nonliteral format string.
+  auto snprintf_ptr = FMT_SNPRINTF;
+  return precision < 0 ? snprintf_ptr(buf, size, format, value)
+                       : snprintf_ptr(buf, size, format, precision, value);
+}
+struct sprintf_specs {
+  int precision;
+  char type;
+  bool alt : 1;
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  constexpr sprintf_specs(basic_format_specs<Char> specs)
+      : precision(specs.precision), type(specs.type), alt(specs.alt) {}
+
+  constexpr bool has_precision() const { return precision >= 0; }
+};
+
+// This is deprecated and is kept only to preserve ABI compatibility.
+template <typename Double>
+char* sprintf_format(Double value, internal::buffer<char>& buf,
+                     sprintf_specs specs) {
+  // Buffer capacity must be non-zero, otherwise MSVC's vsnprintf_s will fail.
+  FMT_ASSERT(buf.capacity() != 0, "empty buffer");
+
+  // Build format string.
+  enum { max_format_size = 10 };  // longest format: %#-*.*Lg
+  char format[max_format_size];
+  char* format_ptr = format;
+  *format_ptr++ = '%';
+  if (specs.alt || !specs.type) *format_ptr++ = '#';
+  if (specs.precision >= 0) {
+    *format_ptr++ = '.';
+    *format_ptr++ = '*';
+  }
+  if (std::is_same<Double, long double>::value) *format_ptr++ = 'L';
+
+  char type = specs.type;
+
+  if (type == '%')
+    type = 'f';
+  else if (type == 0 || type == 'n')
+    type = 'g';
+#if FMT_MSC_VER
+  if (type == 'F') {
+    // MSVC's printf doesn't support 'F'.
+    type = 'f';
+  }
+#endif
+  *format_ptr++ = type;
+  *format_ptr = '\0';
+
+  // Format using snprintf.
+  char* start = nullptr;
+  char* decimal_point_pos = nullptr;
+  for (;;) {
+    std::size_t buffer_size = buf.capacity();
+    start = &buf[0];
+    int result =
+        format_float(start, buffer_size, format, specs.precision, value);
+    if (result >= 0) {
+      unsigned n = internal::to_unsigned(result);
+      if (n < buf.capacity()) {
+        // Find the decimal point.
+        auto p = buf.data(), end = p + n;
+        if (*p == '+' || *p == '-') ++p;
+        if (specs.type != 'a' && specs.type != 'A') {
+          while (p < end && *p >= '0' && *p <= '9') ++p;
+          if (p < end && *p != 'e' && *p != 'E') {
+            decimal_point_pos = p;
+            if (!specs.type) {
+              // Keep only one trailing zero after the decimal point.
+              ++p;
+              if (*p == '0') ++p;
+              while (p != end && *p >= '1' && *p <= '9') ++p;
+              char* where = p;
+              while (p != end && *p == '0') ++p;
+              if (p == end || *p < '0' || *p > '9') {
+                if (p != end) std::memmove(where, p, to_unsigned(end - p));
+                n -= static_cast<unsigned>(p - where);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        buf.resize(n);
+        break;  // The buffer is large enough - continue with formatting.
+      }
+      buf.reserve(n + 1);
+    } else {
+      // If result is negative we ask to increase the capacity by at least 1,
+      // but as std::vector, the buffer grows exponentially.
+      buf.reserve(buf.capacity() + 1);
+    }
+  }
+  return decimal_point_pos;
+}
+}  // namespace internal
+
+template FMT_API char* internal::sprintf_format(double, internal::buffer<char>&,
+                                                sprintf_specs);
+template FMT_API char* internal::sprintf_format(long double,
+                                                internal::buffer<char>&,
+                                                sprintf_specs);
+
+template struct FMT_API internal::basic_data<void>;
+
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC2013 that prevents instantiation of format_float.
+int (*instantiate_format_float)(double, int, internal::float_specs,
+                                internal::buffer<char>&) =
+    internal::format_float;
+
+// Explicit instantiations for char.
+
+template FMT_API std::string internal::grouping_impl<char>(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API char internal::thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API char internal::decimal_point_impl(locale_ref);
+
+template FMT_API void internal::buffer<char>::append(const char*, const char*);
+
+template FMT_API void internal::arg_map<format_context>::init(
+    const basic_format_args<format_context>& args);
+
+template FMT_API std::string internal::vformat<char>(
+    string_view, basic_format_args<format_context>);
+
+template FMT_API format_context::iterator internal::vformat_to(
+    internal::buffer<char>&, string_view, basic_format_args<format_context>);
+
+template FMT_API int internal::snprintf_float(double, int,
+                                              internal::float_specs,
+                                              internal::buffer<char>&);
+template FMT_API int internal::snprintf_float(long double, int,
+                                              internal::float_specs,
+                                              internal::buffer<char>&);
+template FMT_API int internal::format_float(double, int, internal::float_specs,
+                                            internal::buffer<char>&);
+template FMT_API int internal::format_float(long double, int,
+                                            internal::float_specs,
+                                            internal::buffer<char>&);
+
+// Explicit instantiations for wchar_t.
+
+template FMT_API std::string internal::grouping_impl<wchar_t>(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API wchar_t internal::thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API wchar_t internal::decimal_point_impl(locale_ref);
+
+template FMT_API void internal::buffer<wchar_t>::append(const wchar_t*,
+                                                        const wchar_t*);
+
+template FMT_API std::wstring internal::vformat<wchar_t>(
+    wstring_view, basic_format_args<wformat_context>);
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE

external/duckdb/third_party/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - std::ostream support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+#define FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+
+#include <ostream>
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace internal {
+
+template <class Char> class formatbuf : public std::basic_streambuf<Char> {
+ private:
+  using int_type = typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::int_type;
+  using traits_type = typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::traits_type;
+
+  buffer<Char>& buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  formatbuf(buffer<Char>& buf) : buffer_(buf) {}
+
+ protected:
+  // The put-area is actually always empty. This makes the implementation
+  // simpler and has the advantage that the streambuf and the buffer are always
+  // in sync and sputc never writes into uninitialized memory. The obvious
+  // disadvantage is that each call to sputc always results in a (virtual) call
+  // to overflow. There is no disadvantage here for sputn since this always
+  // results in a call to xsputn.
+
+  int_type overflow(int_type ch = traits_type::eof()) FMT_OVERRIDE {
+    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(ch, traits_type::eof()))
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<Char>(ch));
+    return ch;
+  }
+
+  std::streamsize xsputn(const Char* s, std::streamsize count) FMT_OVERRIDE {
+    buffer_.append(s, s + count);
+    return count;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct test_stream : std::basic_ostream<Char> {
+ private:
+  // Hide all operator<< from std::basic_ostream<Char>.
+  void_t<> operator<<(null<>);
+  void_t<> operator<<(const Char*);
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_convertible<T, int>::value &&
+                                      !std::is_enum<T>::value)>
+  void_t<> operator<<(T);
+};
+
+// Checks if T has a user-defined operator<< (e.g. not a member of
+// std::ostream).
+template <typename T, typename Char> class is_streamable {
+ private:
+  template <typename U>
+  static bool_constant<!std::is_same<decltype(std::declval<test_stream<Char>&>()
+                                              << std::declval<U>()),
+                                     void_t<>>::value>
+  test(int);
+
+  template <typename> static std::false_type test(...);
+
+  using result = decltype(test<T>(0));
+
+ public:
+  static const bool value = result::value;
+};
+
+// Write the content of buf to os.
+template <typename Char>
+void write(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, buffer<Char>& buf) {
+  const Char* buf_data = buf.data();
+  using unsigned_streamsize = std::make_unsigned<std::streamsize>::type;
+  unsigned_streamsize size = buf.size();
+  unsigned_streamsize max_size = to_unsigned(max_value<std::streamsize>());
+  do {
+    unsigned_streamsize n = size <= max_size ? size : max_size;
+    os.write(buf_data, static_cast<std::streamsize>(n));
+    buf_data += n;
+    size -= n;
+  } while (size != 0);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+void format_value(buffer<Char>& buf, const T& value,
+                  locale_ref loc = locale_ref()) {
+  formatbuf<Char> format_buf(buf);
+  std::basic_ostream<Char> output(&format_buf);
+  if (loc) output.imbue(loc.get<std::locale>());
+  output.exceptions(std::ios_base::failbit | std::ios_base::badbit);
+  output << value;
+  buf.resize(buf.size());
+}
+
+// Formats an object of type T that has an overloaded ostream operator<<.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct fallback_formatter<T, Char, enable_if_t<is_streamable<T, Char>::value>>
+    : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
+  template <typename Context>
+  auto format(const T& value, Context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+    format_value(buffer, value, ctx.locale());
+    basic_string_view<Char> str(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(str, ctx);
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace internal
+
+template <typename Char>
+void vprint(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+            basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  internal::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  internal::write(os, buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(cerr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<internal::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+void print(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  vprint(os, to_string_view(format_str),
+         {internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...)});
+}
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_OSTREAM_H_

external/duckdb/third_party/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h

@@ -0,0 +1,757 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - legacy printf implementation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_PRINTF_H_
+#define FMT_PRINTF_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>  // std::max
+#include <limits>     // std::numeric_limits
+
+#include "fmt/ostream.h"
+#include "duckdb/common/hugeint.hpp"
+#include "duckdb/common/uhugeint.hpp"
+#include "duckdb/common/operator/cast_operators.hpp"
+
+#ifdef min
+#undef min
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace internal {
+
+// Checks if a value fits in int - used to avoid warnings about comparing
+// signed and unsigned integers.
+template <bool IsSigned> struct int_checker {
+  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+    unsigned max = max_value<int>();
+    return value <= max;
+  }
+  static bool fits_in_int(bool) { return true; }
+};
+
+template <> struct int_checker<true> {
+  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+    return value >= std::numeric_limits<int>::min() &&
+           value <= max_value<int>();
+  }
+  static bool fits_in_int(int) { return true; }
+};
+
+class printf_precision_handler {
+ public:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value)>
+  int operator()(T value) {
+    if (!int_checker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed || std::is_same<T, int128_t>::value>::fits_in_int(value))
+      FMT_THROW(duckdb::InvalidInputException("number is too big"));
+    return (std::max)(static_cast<int>(value), 0);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integral<T>::value)>
+  int operator()(T) {
+    FMT_THROW(duckdb::InvalidInputException("precision is not integer"));
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+// An argument visitor that returns true iff arg is a zero integer.
+class is_zero_int {
+ public:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value)>
+  bool operator()(T value) {
+    return value == 0;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integral<T>::value)>
+  bool operator()(T) {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_bool : std::make_unsigned<T> {};
+
+template <> struct make_unsigned_or_bool<bool> { using type = bool; };
+template <> struct make_unsigned_or_bool<int128_t> { using type = uint128_t; };
+template <> struct make_unsigned_or_bool<uint128_t> { using type = uint128_t; };
+
+template <typename T, typename Context> class arg_converter {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
+  char_type type_;
+
+  bool is_unsigned_type(internal::type t) {
+    return t == uint_type || t == ulong_long_type || t == uint128_type;
+  }
+
+  template <typename To, typename From>
+  To Cast(From x) {
+    return duckdb::Cast::Operation<From, To>(x);
+  }
+  template <typename To, typename From>
+  typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<To, From>::value, To>::type UnsafeCast(From x) {
+    return static_cast<To>(x);
+  }
+
+  template <typename To, typename From>
+  typename std::enable_if<!std::is_constructible<To, From>::value, To>::type UnsafeCast(From x) {
+    return static_cast<To>(x.lower);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  arg_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, char_type type)
+      : arg_(arg), type_(type) {
+        if ((type_ == 'd' || type_ == 'i') && is_unsigned_type(arg_.type())) {
+          type_ = 'u';
+        }
+      }
+
+  void operator()(bool value) {
+    if (type_ != 's') operator()<bool>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U value) {
+    bool is_signed = type_ == 'd' || type_ == 'i';
+    using target_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, void>::value, U, T>;
+    if (const_check(sizeof(target_type) <= sizeof(int))) {
+      // Extra casts are used to silence warnings.
+      if (is_signed) {
+        arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(UnsafeCast<int32_t>(UnsafeCast<target_type>(value)));
+      } else {
+        using unsigned_type = typename make_unsigned_or_bool<target_type>::type;
+        arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(UnsafeCast<uint32_t>(UnsafeCast<unsigned_type>(value)));
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (is_signed) {
+        // glibc's printf doesn't sign extend arguments of smaller types:
+        //   std::printf("%lld", -42);  // prints "4294967254"
+        // but we don't have to do the same because it's a UB.
+        if (sizeof(target_type) > sizeof(int64_t)) {
+          arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(Cast<int128_t>(value));
+        } else {
+          arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(UnsafeCast<int64_t>(value));
+        }
+      } else {
+        arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(UnsafeCast<typename make_unsigned_or_bool<U>::type>(value));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
+};
+
+// Converts an integer argument to T for printf, if T is an integral type.
+// If T is void, the argument is converted to corresponding signed or unsigned
+// type depending on the type specifier: 'd' and 'i' - signed, other -
+// unsigned).
+template <typename T, typename Context, typename Char>
+void convert_arg(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, Char type) {
+  visit_format_arg(arg_converter<T, Context>(arg, type), arg);
+}
+
+// Converts an integer argument to char for printf.
+template <typename Context> class char_converter {
+ private:
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit char_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) : arg_(arg) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T value) {
+    arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(
+        static_cast<typename Context::char_type>(static_cast<uint32_t>(value)));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
+};
+
+// Checks if an argument is a valid printf width specifier and sets
+// left alignment if it is negative.
+template <typename Char> class printf_width_handler {
+ private:
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<Char>;
+
+  format_specs& specs_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit printf_width_handler(format_specs& specs) : specs_(specs) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value)>
+  unsigned operator()(T value) {
+    auto width = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+    if (internal::is_negative(value)) {
+      specs_.align = align::left;
+      width = -width;
+    }
+    unsigned int_max = max_value<int>();
+    if (width > int_max) FMT_THROW(duckdb::InvalidInputException("number is too big"));
+    return static_cast<unsigned>(width);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integral<T>::value)>
+  unsigned operator()(T) {
+    FMT_THROW(duckdb::InvalidInputException("width is not integer"));
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Context>
+void printf(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format,
+            basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  Context(std::back_inserter(buf), format, args).format();
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename Context>
+internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt> printf(
+    internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt> it, basic_string_view<Char> format,
+    basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  return Context(it, format, args).format();
+}
+}  // namespace internal
+
+using internal::printf;  // For printing into memory_buffer.
+
+template <typename Range> class printf_arg_formatter;
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  The ``printf`` argument formatter.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Range>
+class printf_arg_formatter : public internal::arg_formatter_base<Range> {
+ public:
+  using iterator = typename Range::iterator;
+
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Range::value_type;
+  using base = internal::arg_formatter_base<Range>;
+  using context_type = basic_printf_context<iterator, char_type>;
+
+  context_type& context_;
+
+  void write_null_pointer(char) {
+    this->specs()->type = 0;
+    this->write("(nil)");
+  }
+
+  void write_null_pointer(wchar_t) {
+    this->specs()->type = 0;
+    this->write(L"(nil)");
+  }
+
+ public:
+  using format_specs = typename base::format_specs;
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs an argument formatter object.
+    *buffer* is a reference to the output buffer and *specs* contains format
+    specifier information for standard argument types.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  printf_arg_formatter(iterator iter, format_specs& specs, context_type& ctx)
+      : base(Range(iter), &specs, internal::locale_ref()), context_(ctx) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(duckdb_fmt::internal::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  iterator operator()(T value) {
+    // MSVC2013 fails to compile separate overloads for bool and char_type so
+    // use std::is_same instead.
+    if (std::is_same<T, bool>::value) {
+      format_specs& fmt_specs = *this->specs();
+      if (fmt_specs.type != 's') return base::operator()(value ? 1 : 0);
+      fmt_specs.type = 0;
+      this->write(value != 0);
+    } else if (std::is_same<T, char_type>::value) {
+      format_specs& fmt_specs = *this->specs();
+      if (fmt_specs.type && fmt_specs.type != 'c')
+        return (*this)(static_cast<int>(value));
+      fmt_specs.sign = sign::none;
+      fmt_specs.alt = false;
+      fmt_specs.align = align::right;
+      return base::operator()(value);
+    } else {
+      return base::operator()(value);
+    }
+    return this->out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+  iterator operator()(T value) {
+    return base::operator()(value);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a null-terminated C string. */
+  iterator operator()(const char* value) {
+    if (value)
+      base::operator()(value);
+    else if (this->specs()->type == 'p')
+      write_null_pointer(char_type());
+    else
+      this->write("(null)");
+    return this->out();
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a null-terminated wide C string. */
+  iterator operator()(const wchar_t* value) {
+    if (value)
+      base::operator()(value);
+    else if (this->specs()->type == 'p')
+      write_null_pointer(char_type());
+    else
+      this->write(L"(null)");
+    return this->out();
+  }
+
+  iterator operator()(basic_string_view<char_type> value) {
+    return base::operator()(value);
+  }
+
+  iterator operator()(monostate value) { return base::operator()(value); }
+
+  /** Formats a pointer. */
+  iterator operator()(const void* value) {
+    if (value) return base::operator()(value);
+    this->specs()->type = 0;
+    write_null_pointer(char_type());
+    return this->out();
+  }
+
+  /** Formats an argument of a custom (user-defined) type. */
+  iterator operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context_type>::handle handle) {
+    handle.format(context_.parse_context(), context_);
+    return this->out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct printf_formatter {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& value, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    internal::format_value(internal::get_container(ctx.out()), value);
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+};
+
+/** This template formats data and writes the output to a writer. */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context {
+ public:
+  /** The character type for the output. */
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_printf_context>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = printf_formatter<T>;
+
+ private:
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char_type>;
+
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args_;
+  basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_ctx_;
+
+  static void parse_flags(format_specs& specs, const Char*& it,
+                          const Char* end);
+
+  // Returns the argument with specified index or, if arg_index is -1, the next
+  // argument.
+  format_arg get_arg(int arg_index = -1);
+
+  // Parses argument index, flags and width and returns the argument index.
+  int parse_header(const Char*& it, const Char* end, format_specs& specs);
+
+ public:
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a ``printf_context`` object. References to the arguments and
+   the writer are stored in the context object so make sure they have
+   appropriate lifetimes.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  basic_printf_context(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<char_type> format_str,
+                       basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args)
+      : out_(out), args_(args), parse_ctx_(format_str) {}
+
+  OutputIt out() { return out_; }
+  void advance_to(OutputIt it) { out_ = it; }
+
+  format_arg arg(int id) const { return args_.get(id); }
+
+  basic_format_parse_context<Char>& parse_context() { return parse_ctx_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(std::string message) {
+    parse_ctx_.on_error(message);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats stored arguments and writes the output to the range. */
+  template <typename ArgFormatter = printf_arg_formatter<buffer_range<Char>>>
+  OutputIt format();
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+void basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::parse_flags(format_specs& specs,
+                                                       const Char*& it,
+                                                       const Char* end) {
+  for (; it != end; ++it) {
+    switch (*it) {
+    case '-':
+      specs.align = align::left;
+      break;
+    case '+':
+      specs.sign = sign::plus;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      break;
+    case ' ':
+      specs.sign = sign::space;
+      break;
+    case '#':
+      specs.alt = true;
+      break;
+    case ',':
+      specs.thousands = ',';
+      break;
+    case '\'':
+      specs.thousands = '\'';
+      break;
+    case '_':
+      specs.thousands = '_';
+      break;
+    default:
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+typename basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::format_arg
+basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::get_arg(int arg_index) {
+  if (arg_index < 0)
+    arg_index = parse_ctx_.next_arg_id();
+  else
+    parse_ctx_.check_arg_id(--arg_index);
+  return internal::get_arg(*this, arg_index);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+int basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::parse_header(
+    const Char*& it, const Char* end, format_specs& specs) {
+  int arg_index = -1;
+  char_type c = *it;
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    // Parse an argument index (if followed by '$') or a width possibly
+    // preceded with '0' flag(s).
+    internal::error_handler eh;
+    int value = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+    if (it != end && *it == '$') {  // value is an argument index
+      ++it;
+      arg_index = value;
+    } else {
+      if (c == '0') specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      if (value != 0) {
+        // Nonzero value means that we parsed width and don't need to
+        // parse it or flags again, so return now.
+        specs.width = value;
+        return arg_index;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  parse_flags(specs, it, end);
+  // Parse width.
+  if (it != end) {
+    if (*it >= '0' && *it <= '9') {
+      internal::error_handler eh;
+      specs.width = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+    } else if (*it == '*') {
+      ++it;
+      specs.width = static_cast<int>(visit_format_arg(
+          internal::printf_width_handler<char_type>(specs), get_arg()));
+    }
+  }
+  return arg_index;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+template <typename ArgFormatter>
+OutputIt basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::format() {
+  auto out = this->out();
+  const Char* start = parse_ctx_.begin();
+  const Char* end = parse_ctx_.end();
+  auto it = start;
+  while (it != end) {
+    char_type c = *it++;
+    if (c != '%') continue;
+    if (it != end && *it == c) {
+      out = std::copy(start, it, out);
+      start = ++it;
+      continue;
+    }
+    out = std::copy(start, it - 1, out);
+
+    format_specs specs;
+    specs.align = align::right;
+
+    // Parse argument index, flags and width.
+    int arg_index = parse_header(it, end, specs);
+    if (arg_index == 0) on_error("argument index out of range");
+
+    // Parse precision.
+	bool empty_precision = false;
+    if (it != end && *it == '.') {
+      ++it;
+      c = it != end ? *it : 0;
+      if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+        internal::error_handler eh;
+        specs.precision = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+      } else if (c == '*') {
+        ++it;
+        specs.precision =
+            static_cast<int>(visit_format_arg(internal::printf_precision_handler(), get_arg()));
+      } else {
+        specs.precision = 0;
+		empty_precision = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    format_arg arg = get_arg(arg_index);
+    if (specs.alt && visit_format_arg(internal::is_zero_int(), arg))
+      specs.alt = false;
+    if (specs.fill[0] == '0') {
+      if (arg.is_arithmetic())
+        specs.align = align::numeric;
+      else
+        specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types.
+    }
+
+    // Parse length and convert the argument to the required type.
+    c = it != end ? *it++ : 0;
+    char_type t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+    using internal::convert_arg;
+    switch (c) {
+    case 'h':
+      if (t == 'h') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<signed char>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<short>(arg, t);
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'l':
+      if (t == 'l') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<long long>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<long>(arg, t);
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'j':
+      convert_arg<intmax_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 'z':
+      convert_arg<std::size_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 't':
+      convert_arg<std::ptrdiff_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 'L':
+      // printf produces garbage when 'L' is omitted for long double, no
+      // need to do the same.
+      break;
+    default:
+      --it;
+      convert_arg<void>(arg, c);
+    }
+
+    // Parse type.
+    if (it == end) FMT_THROW(duckdb::InvalidInputException("invalid format string"));
+    specs.type = static_cast<char>(*it++);
+    if (arg.is_integral()) {
+      // Normalize type.
+      switch (specs.type) {
+      case 'i':
+      case 'u':
+        specs.type = 'd';
+        break;
+      case 'c':
+        visit_format_arg(internal::char_converter<basic_printf_context>(arg),
+                         arg);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+	if (specs.type == 'd' && empty_precision) {
+		specs.thousands = '.';
+	}
+
+    start = it;
+
+    // Format argument.
+    visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(out, specs, *this), arg);
+  }
+  return std::copy(start, it, out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+using basic_printf_context_t =
+    basic_printf_context<std::back_insert_iterator<internal::buffer<Char>>,
+                         Char>;
+
+using printf_context = basic_printf_context_t<char>;
+using wprintf_context = basic_printf_context_t<wchar_t>;
+
+using printf_args = basic_format_args<printf_context>;
+using wprintf_args = basic_format_args<wprintf_context>;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::printf_args`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... Args>
+inline format_arg_store<printf_context, Args...> make_printf_args(
+    const Args&... args) {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::wprintf_args`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... Args>
+inline format_arg_store<wprintf_context, Args...> make_wprintf_args(
+    const Args&... args) {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> vsprintf(
+    const S& format, basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  printf(buffer, to_string_view(format), args);
+  return to_string(buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string message = fmt::sprintf("The answer is %d", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<internal::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> sprintf(const S& format, const Args&... args) {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
+  return vsprintf(to_string_view(format), {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline int vfprintf(std::FILE* f, const S& format,
+                    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  printf(buffer, to_string_view(format), args);
+  std::size_t size = buffer.size();
+  return std::fwrite(buffer.data(), sizeof(Char), size, f) < size
+             ? -1
+             : static_cast<int>(size);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the file *f*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::fprintf(stderr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<internal::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline int fprintf(std::FILE* f, const S& format, const Args&... args) {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
+  return vfprintf(f, to_string_view(format),
+                  {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline int vprintf(const S& format,
+                   basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>> args) {
+  return vfprintf(stdout, to_string_view(format), args);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline int printf(const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<char_t<S>>;
+  return vprintf(to_string_view(format_str),
+                 {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline int vfprintf(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& format,
+                    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  printf(buffer, to_string_view(format), args);
+  internal::write(os, buffer);
+  return static_cast<int>(buffer.size());
+}
+
+/** Formats arguments and writes the output to the range. */
+template <typename ArgFormatter, typename Char,
+          typename Context =
+              basic_printf_context<typename ArgFormatter::iterator, Char>>
+typename ArgFormatter::iterator vprintf(internal::buffer<Char>& out,
+                                        basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                                        basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  typename ArgFormatter::iterator iter(out);
+  Context(iter, format_str, args).template format<ArgFormatter>();
+  return iter;
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::fprintf(cerr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline int fprintf(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& format_str,
+                   const Args&... args) {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
+  return vfprintf(os, to_string_view(format_str),
+                  {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
+}
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_PRINTF_H_